Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Hand-Dug Wells around Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria

Abstract

The ease of getting clean water for domestic use is very challenging globally, particularly in the underdeveloped world, where groundwater is the main source of potable water. This study evaluates water quality from hand-dug wells around Achievers University Owo, Nigeria, to critically examine their suitability for domestic use. Ten water samples were collected from randomly selected wells and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, which included pH, EC, total dissolved solids, and concentrations of cations (sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium) and anions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate). The results were compared with the standards of WHO and SON. Findings indicate that the water samples are slightly acidic to alkaline, with pH values ranging from 5.42 to 6.95. Concentrations of cations and anions were within permissible limits, except for localized variations in nitrate and bicarbonate levels. The results of ions showed that nitrate ranged from 4.19 to 25.11mgL-1, chloride ranged from 10.6-36.58mgL-1 Nitrate ranged from 4.19-25.76mgL-1, magnesium ranged from 0.43-1.19 mgL-1, calcium ranged from 0.124-6.19mgL-1, sodium ranged from 0.49-1.79mgL-1. Piper’s diagram revealed mixed water types with no dominant ion facies, reflecting the area’s geological diversity. The majority of the samples fall under no dominant type. All the water that falls under the water facies of alkalis exceeds alkaline earth. The study concludes that while the groundwater quality generally meets WHO and SON standards, periodic monitoring and treatment are essential to mitigate contamination risks. Recommendations include improved sanitation practices, regular water treatment, and community awareness programs to ensure sustainable access to safe drinking water.